PRENSANTATION

Today my group will present about article........ My group members is nida. salihah and me.....Actually i feel nervous to present because i scared if miss zu will scold us......

ARTICLE

Have two types of article:

• Indefinite article
• Definite article

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

• indifinite article refer to a , an
• It is refer to something not specially known to the  person you are communicating with.
• Use before nouns that introduce something or someone you havenot mentioned before

Example:

- I saw an elepphant this morning

-  I ate a banana for lunch.

DEFINITE ARTICLE

• You use the when you know that the listener knows or can work out what particular person / thing you are talking about.

Example:

- The apple you ate was rotten.

   Did you lock the car??

 ( You should also use the when you have alreadymentioned teh thing you are talking about)

Example:

- She got two children. a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen.

• We use the to talk about geographical point on the globe

Example:

- the North Pole. the equator

• We use the to talk about rivers,oceans and seas

Example:

- the Nile , the Pacific.

• We also use the before certain nouns when we know there is only one of a particular thing.

Example:

- the rain. the sun, the wind, the world

NO ARTICLE

• We usually use no article to talk about things in ganeral

Example:

- Inflation is rising

- People are worried about rising crime. (Note! people are ganerally so no article)

• You do not use article when talking about sports

Example:

- My son plays football

- Tennis is expensive

• You do not use article before uncountable nouns when talking about them ganerally.

Example:

- Inforamation is important to any organisation

- Cofee is bad for you

• You do not use article before the names of countries except they indicate multiple areas or contain the word (state. kongdom, republic, union).

Example:

- No article- Italy, Mexico. England

- Use article- the UK, the USA           

SUBJECT VERB AND AGREEMENT

INTRRODUCTION

•        Some English sentences require that the subject ‘agree’ with the verbs and vice versa.

•       This simply means that a singular subject must have a singular verb.

•      However, this is only applicable in sentences using certain tenses which consider the singularity or plurality of the subject of the sentences.

•      It includes simple past (be verb), present continuous, past continuous and present perfect.

Sentence                                                               s IDENTFYING SUBJECT VER AND AGREEMENT	subject	Verb
His mother leads a healthy lifestyle.	His mother – singular	Leads – singular
The triplets speak quietly almost all the time.	The triples – plural	Speak – plural
We are here.	We – plural	Are – plural
She was with me all the time.	She – singular	Was – singular
The children were waiting.	The children – plural	Were – plural
Amina has talked to the Dean	Amina – singular	Has – singular

 VERB (GO, DO, HAVE)

The verb ‘go, do, have’ are plural verbs.

Hence they are preceded by plural subjects.

Singular subject are followed by ‘goes, does, has ‘

VERB	EXAMPLE
Go – plural	During the Pesta Kaamatan, or the Harvest Festival, most Sabahans go back to their home state to celebrate it.
Goes – singular	Monica Siliu, of Kadazandusun descent, always goes back to Kota Kinabalu to be with her family for the celebration.
Do – plural	Kadazandusuns do this since it is their belief that rice, in whatever form, embodies Bambaazan that must be protected from harm.
Go – plural	During the Pesta Kaamatan, or the Harvest Festival, most Sabahans go back to their home state to celebrate it.
Goes – singular	Monica Siliu, of Kadazandusun descent, always goes back to Kota Kinabalu to be with her family for the celebration.
Do – plural	Kadazandusuns do this since it is their belief that rice, in whatever form, embodies Bambaazan that must be protected from harm.
Does – singular	Her family usually does every ritual related to the festival, which is to honour the spirit, Bambaazan or Bambarayon.
Have – plural	These people also believe that inanimate items have life and that they are all living things.
Has – singular	The selected pageant festival queen has  the honour of symbolising Huminodun, the daughter of the Creator, Kinoingan.

 SINGULAR SUBJECT – SINGULAR VERB RULE
  
  The following take on singular verbs :

Co   Conditions	Examples
Indefinite pronouns – everybody, everyone, each, every,       somebody, someone, either one, anyone.	Everybody follows a unique lifestyle.         Each culture is distinct.
The use of ‘neither of’ and ‘either of’.	Neither of the girls believes in Halloween.        Either of the students has travelled extensively.
Nouns that end in ‘s’ but are singular in nature – physics,economics, athletics, mathematics, and so on.	Physics was a subject I dreaded in school.        Mumps is contagious.        News travels very fast.

Sum and products of mathematical processes.	Four and four is eight.        Four times four divided by two is eight.
Nouns that refer to language – French, Italian, German.	German is one of the foreign languages offered at the Academy of Language Studies.        French has been her favourite language.
Nouns preceded by ‘a pair of’.	A pair of green pants goes well with that shirt.
Collective nouns.	A group of activists is fighting for a greener earth.         A pack of wolves has been seen in the nearby woods.
Nouns preceded by ‘one of the’.	One of the paintings belongs to me.        One of the children has gone jogging.

PLURAL SUBJECT- PLURAL VERB RULE

The following take on plural verbs:

Conditions	Examples
Nouns joined by ‘and’	Arts and culture are two different fields.
Nouns preceded by ‘a number of’	A number of students consider visiting the museum a treat.
Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, glasses/ spectacles, pants, shorts, shears.	These tweezers are too small.       The glasses were missing.       Your creased pants need ironing
Nouns that refer to nationality – the English, the French.	The French enjoy eating escargot.       The Japanese are known for their tea ceremony.
The use of ‘both’ ‘both..and’ ‘several’ ‘many’ ‘few’          ‘others’.	Both Nasyreen and Airina are Soraya’s daughters.       Many people like swimming for recreation while others enjoy brisk walks.

OTHER SUBJECT –VERB AGREEMANT RULES

The following can either take on plural or singular verbs:

Co    Conditions	Examples
Nouns which refer to a group (e.g. Family, government, jury, committee, team) can take on either singular or plural verbs.	The family is visiting the museum of modern arts.       The committee have agreed to use a culturally -suitable theme for the festival.
Nouns preceded by ‘none of the’.	None of the fish is edible. They have all gone bad.        None of the girls know about the Lourvre, so it is time we went to Paris.
Nouns used with ‘together with’ , ‘along with’ , ‘including’ ,’accompanied by’ , ‘in addition to’ , ‘as well as’ etc (the verb agrees  with th earlier noun ).	Nashrudin together with his brother Ariff, has been to London.        The boys, including their mother, enjoy cooking and travelling.
Subjects that come after verbs.	Here is the book that you need.         There was a time when a lot of people were into aerobics.        Here come the bride and groom.        There are many diverse cultures in Malaysia.
Nouns and verbs separated by a relative clause            ( the verb agress with the noun referred to.)	My mother, whom I love dearly, is a great seamstress.        The towers, which are occupied by city dwellers, seem in need of extra security guards.
The use of ‘neither..or..’, ‘Neither…nor’           (The verb                   agrees with the noun closer to it).	Either the boys or Jenna has taken the key.        Neither  the guard nor the students know the new ruling for outings.
Nouns preceded by fractions and percentages      ( the    verb agrees with the noun, not the fraction )	Forty per cent of the cake was eaten by him.        Half of the sand costs RM40.       Forty per cent of the students think the rule was impartial.        Three fifth of the children were absent.
Units of money, distance and time take on singular   verbs if they precede the verbs and take on plural verbs if they come after the verbs.	RM1000  is a lot of money to lose.        Five kilometres is a long way to jog.        There are 1000 metres in a kilometre.        There are 100 000 sen in RM1000

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Verbs and Voice     

VOICE

•       is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action.

There are two types of voice:  active voice and passive voice

ACTIVE VOICE

•   Active Voice – indicates that the subject of the verb is acting
•  Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice

These examples show that the subject is  doing the verb's action.

·         The dog jumped onto the boy.

           The dog (subject) is doing the jumping (verb).

·         Kristy will give a book report to the class.

           Kristy (subject) is doing the giving (verb).

·         The computer printed my paper.

           The computer (subject) is doing the printing (verb).

PASSIVE VOICE

•        In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action.
•        Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

These examples show the subject being acted upon by the verb.

·         The boy was jumped on by the dog.

§  Boy (subject)  was being jumped on (verb)

·         A book report will be given by Kristy to the class.

§  Report (subject) will be given (verb).

·         My paper was printed by the computer.     

§  Paper (subject) was being printed (verb).

REASONS FOR USING THE PASSIVE VOICE

·                Passive voice is used when the agent (doer of an action) is obvious, unknown, or unnecessary. 

·                Passive voice is used when the agent is known, but the speaker/writer does not want to mention it.

·                Passive voice is often used when the agent is very general such as people or somebody.

·                Passive voice is used when the speaker/writer wants to emphasize a result or emphasize the receiver of the action instead of the performer.

REASONS FOR USING ACTIVE VOICE

•    Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct.
•    The active voice is less awkward and clearly states relationship between subject and action.
•   The active voice sentence pattern propels the reader forward through your writing thus avoiding weak prose.

We continue our lesson with learnt about body paragraph……

BODY PARAGRAPH

Ø  The body paragraphs in your essay support  the main idea in your thesis statement by breaking it down into smaller ideas subtopics.

Ø  Ideas in your paragraphs should relate back to the thesis statement

Ø  Most paragraphs contain between five to ten sentences.  The first line of a paragraph is usually indented (begin a few spaces to the right of the margin) to show that there is a new paragraph.

KEY FEATURES

Ø  Body paragraphs should should contain

Ø  some of the following features…

          A Topic Sentence

          Supporting Sentences

         A Concluding Sentence

          Unity

Ø  Every paragraph should have a topic sentence.  This is the most important sentence because it expresses the main idea of the paragraph.

Ø  A topic sentence contains the topic of the paragraph and a controlling idea.

Ø  The controlling idea limits the topic to something very specific.

Be Careful!

Make sure that your topic sentence does not contain too many controlling ideas.

Supporting Sentences

Definition

Ø  Every paragraph has sentences that relate to the ideas in the topic sentence.  These sentences are called supporting sentences. Look at the supporting sentences on the next  page to see how the writer provided more information on the subject in the topic sentence. 

Concluding Sentence

Definition and Purpose

Ø  A concluding sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.  A conclusion can remind the reader of the main points of a paragraph and/or leave the reader with something to think about in relation to the topic.  Look at the next page to see how the writer used a concluding sentence

Ø  It is sometimes helpful to have a concluding expression in your last sentence to signal the end of your paragraph. Some common expressions used in concluding sentences are listed below. 

·               In summary

·               As a result

·               These examples show that

UnitY

Definition

Ø  Good paragraphs have unity.  That means that each sentence in the paragraph is related to the topic sentence.  Unified paragraphs also discuss only one main idea